1907 to 1910, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden • KRAS, first identified as a human oncogene in 1982, is mutated in more than 90 percent of pancreatic cancers (among the deadliest of cancers) and large fractions of lung and colorectal cancers. For roughly forty years it was considered the archetypal 'undruggable' target, because the RAS protein is structurally smooth and lacks the deep binding pockets that small-molecule drugs normally exploit; company after company tried and failed. In 2026 that changed. The Phase 3 RASolute 302 trial of daraxonrasib, a RAS(ON) inhibitor from Revolution Medicines, was presented at the ASCO Annual Meeting in late May 2026 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine: in previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer it nearly doubled median overall survival, about 13.2 months versus roughly 6.7 months for chemotherapy. The drug works not by forcing a fit into a pocket that does not exist, but by binding the cellular helper protein cyclophilin A, which then clamps onto the active (ON-state) RAS protein and shuts down its signalling: a 'molecular glue' that reaches an unreachable target. It is Paul Ehrlich's magic-bullet logic, designing one molecule to find and stop one target, applied a hundred and sixteen years later to a target everyone had declared impossible.
In 1909, a young Japanese scientist injected a rabbit with the six hundred and sixth compound in a numbered series, one his colleagues had already declared useless and shelved. By morning the syphilis was retreating. Paul Ehrlich's magic bullet was real, the first synthetic cure and the birth of chemotherapy. In June 2026, a drug called daraxonrasib finally hit KRAS, the cancer target everyone had called undruggable for forty years, using the very same logic.
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1960s • In a study reported in late May 2026, a Harvard Medical School team found in mice that the stress hormone cortisol closes the critical period: rising cortisol switches on a gene program in astrocytes (the brain's support cells) that builds perineuronal nets, an extracellular-matrix lattice that locks neural circuitry in place. More strikingly, when the team genetically removed the glucocorticoid receptor (which detects cortisol) from adult mice, the closed critical periods reopened, restoring youthful plasticity. By examining an existing single-cell human brain dataset, they verified that the same astrocytic pathway emerges in human infancy and peaks around adolescence, suggesting the window that Hubel and Wiesel showed closes for life may have a latch that can be lifted, with implications for amblyopia, stroke recovery and adult learning.
In the 1960s, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel sewed shut one eye of a kitten and discovered that the brain has a season: a brief early 'critical period' when experience rewires it for life, and then a door that closes hard. It won them a Nobel Prize and explained the lazy eye. For sixty years that door looked one-way. In late May 2026, a Harvard team found the molecular lock that closes it, cortisol acting through astrocytes, and showed that in adult mice you can lift the latch and reopen the window.
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1838 London • In a study published in Current Biology in June 2026, Mary Kieseler and colleagues at Dartmouth showed that California two-spot octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides) can learn to use a mirror to locate a crab hidden outside their direct line of sight, ignoring the reflection, inferring the real prey's position, and going to it (correct about 73 percent of the time after training). It is the first invertebrate demonstrated to use a mirror to understand its environment. Because the octopus lineage diverged from the vertebrate line more than 500 million years ago and evolved its intelligence independently (with roughly two-thirds of its neurons in its arms), the result suggests the mirror may never have been measuring closeness to humans at all, but a capacity evolution can build more than once, by more than one route.
London, 1838: a young Charles Darwin watched an orangutan named Jenny puzzle at her own reflection and filed the notes not under 'animals' but under 'Man.' The mirror became science's tool for asking the oldest question in biology: what is going on inside another mind? In June 2026, an octopus, a creature whose lineage split from ours over 500 million years ago, was shown using a mirror to find prey it could not see, the first invertebrate ever to do so, and the answer to Darwin's question got stranger.
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1879 Baltimore • In June 2026 a team led by Dongchen Qi (Queensland University of Technology) and Xiao Renshaw Wang (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) published in the journal Newton a study of the nonlinear Hall effect in the topological insulator Bi2Te3, showing it produces a direct-current transverse voltage from an alternating current with no external magnetic field, survives at room temperature, and is controlled by skew scattering from impurities and phonons, pointing toward battery-free energy harvesting that rectifies ambient radio-frequency signals into usable power.
Johns Hopkins, 1879: a twenty-three-year-old graduate student named Edwin Hall doubted a single sentence in Maxwell's textbook, ran a current through a leaf of gold, and found a voltage that was not supposed to exist. He had measured the sign of the electron eighteen years before anyone discovered it. 147 years later, in June 2026, physicists found a new version of his effect in a strange crystal that needs no magnet at all, and might quietly power the next generation of battery-free electronics.
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1880 Washington, D.C. • In a study published in Nature Photonics on 2 June 2026 (DOI 10.1038/s41566-026-01916-0), a Monash University team in Australia led by Dr Chi Li reported a single integrated chip that can generate, steer/route, and read information carried by light, the first device to perform all three functions on one chip. It uses atomically thin (two-dimensional) materials with engineered nanostructures and encodes information in a quantum property of light called the valley degree of freedom, part of an emerging field known as valleytronics, and it works at room temperature. Computing and communicating with light rather than electrons promises to be faster and far more energy efficient, attractive for power-hungry artificial intelligence and quantum machines. As Dr Li put it, 'What we've built is a complete on-chip system that can create, route and read this information with very high precision.' It is, in effect, the on-chip realisation of the idea Bell glimpsed in 1880: information carried on light.
In 1880, four years after the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell sent a human voice 700 feet across the rooftops of Washington with no wire at all, riding on a beam of sunlight. He called the photophone the greatest invention he ever made, greater than the telephone. The world had no use for it for a century. In June 2026, a chip that generates, steers, and reads information carried by light finally brings Bell's beam to the frontier of computing.
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1868 England • A study published in PLOS Biology on 27 May 2026, 'Symbiotic bacteria may support calcium carbonate precipitation in the Gulf toadfish', led by Anthony Bonacolta at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School, found that the calcium carbonate pellets (ichthyocarbonates) which bony fish produce and excrete to handle the seawater they drink are not made by the fish alone. A gut bacterium, the vibrio Photobacterium damselae, is abundant in the fish gut and in the carbonate pellets and carries genetic machinery linked to carbonate production, suggesting a fish-microbe symbiosis. Fish carbonates, long studied by Martin Grosell's Miami group, are a recognised contributor to the ocean's carbonate budget and help buffer ocean chemistry as a carbon sink, a process that matters as rising atmospheric carbon dioxide drives ocean acidification. As senior author Martin Grosell put it, what was thought to be driven solely by the fish 'may actually reflect a close symbiosis between the fish and its gut microbial community.'
In 1868 Thomas Huxley held up a piece of ordinary chalk before a hall of working men and revealed that it was not a mineral at all but the packed skeletons of countless microscopic sea creatures: proof that life itself builds the rock and shapes the chemistry of the oceans. A century and a half later, scientists cutting open a common fish have found a hidden bacterial passenger helping it mint that same limestone, the smallest hands still quietly building and balancing the sea.
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1920s Japan • A 2026 study led by Keith Koper at the University of Utah, published in The Seismic Record, reanalysed a magnitude 3.8 earthquake recorded on 24 February 1979 near Randolph, Utah at a focal depth of about 90 km (first flagged as anomalously deep by then-postdoc George Zandt) together with eight other suspected deep events in northern Utah and southwestern Wyoming, and confirmed all nine as continental mantle earthquakes at 68 to 90 km depth, beneath the crust. At those depths temperatures exceed 700 degrees Celsius and rock is expected to flow ductilely rather than fracture, and crucially these events occur outside any subduction zone, so the cold-slab mechanisms that explain Wadati's deep earthquakes do not apply. The team proposes that soft mantle flowing around the cold deep root of the Wyoming Craton concentrates strain enough to break, but the fundamental physics, in the words of the researchers, remains a mystery: 'How in the world can these things happen?'
In the late 1920s a Japanese weatherman named Kiyoo Wadati proved earthquakes happen hundreds of kilometres down, deep inside rock that was supposed to be too hot to break. The world ignored him for twenty years. A century later, beneath a quiet corner of Utah, scientists have confirmed nine earthquakes breaking ninety kilometres below a continent, where the rock should flow, not fracture, and where the explanation Wadati's deep quakes eventually earned does not apply at all.
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1917 to 1922, the Western Front and Cambridge • A study led by Lei Fang (University of Pittsburgh) with Xinyu Si, Filippo De Lillo and Guido Boffetta (University of Turin), 'Manipulating the direction of turbulent energy flux via tensor geometry in a two-dimensional flow' (Science Advances, 2025), drew wide science-press attention in early June 2026. By recasting the turbulent energy flux as a mechanical process and changing the geometry between the driving force and the flow in a thin layer of salt water driven electromagnetically, the team produced two-dimensional turbulence with either a forward (large to small) or an inverse (small to large) energy cascade. This challenges the assumption, standing since Kolmogorov in 1941, that the dimensionality of a system alone fixes the direction of its energy cascade, and the authors suggest it could eventually help steer ocean currents and improve climate forecasting.
In 1917 a Quaker pacifist named Lewis Fry Richardson computed the weather by hand in an army billet, and gave turbulence its enduring image: big whirls feeding little whirls, energy tumbling forever downhill from large to small. In 1941 Kolmogorov made that one-way arrow a law of physics. For more than eighty years the direction of the flow looked like a fact about the universe. In 2026 four physicists, in a tray of salt water stirred by magnets, ran the arrow backwards.
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1964 Oklahoma City • NASA's X-59 quiet supersonic demonstrator was expected to cross Mach 1 for the first time in early June 2026, engineering the sonic boom down to a quiet thump in a bid to overturn the 1973 overland supersonic ban that Operation Bongo helped create.
Oklahoma City, 3 February 1964: the United States government begins dropping 1,253 sonic booms on half a million of its own citizens, eight a day for six months, to prove they could learn to love the coming supersonic age. The experiment helped kill the American supersonic dream. 62 years later, NASA's X-59 is about to cross Mach 1 by doing the opposite: engineering the boom out of the airplane entirely.
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1924 Jena, Germany • Implanted-electrode brain-computer interfaces let people with ALS speak and type by thinking; the 2026 Neuralink VOICE-trial update on Kenneth Shock is the latest in a string of 2023-2026 results.
Jena, 6 July 1924: a 51-year-old German psychiatrist named Hans Berger pushes two thin needle electrodes through a 17-year-old neurosurgery patient's skull defect and records the first human electroencephalogram. He tells no one for five years. 102 years later, the same physical signal lets a man with ALS speak by thinking.